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Style Guide

Introduction

This style guide provides basic guidelines for grammar, spelling, and punctuation issues commonly encountered. It is intended as a general guide to The Chicago Manual of Style and covers matters of style specific to Notre Dame.

The English language is constantly changing, as are rules about grammar. Likewise, there are many different styles and publication guidelines (as evidenced by the bibliography below), adding to the confusion of how to write. While you may not agree with every “rule” set forth in this guide, you may find an answer to a troublesome question. If you have a question not addressed in this guide, please feel free to contact us at AgencyND — krussell@nd.edu.

In compiling this guide, we used the following sources:

The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed., University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill., 2003.
The Associated Press Stylebook and Libel Manual, Perseus Books, Reading, Mass., 2003.
Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed., Merriam Webster, Springfield, Mass., 2003.
Dowling, Dave. The Wrong Word Dictionary, Marion Street Press, Inc., Oak Park, Ill., 2005.

Style Guide Entries

abbreviations

Abbreviate Rev., Hon., and Prof. when used before a first and last name or last name alone. However, When the appears before the title, the title is spelled out. Spell out Father when used before a first name alone.

Rev. John Smith, or Rev. Smith
Father John Smith, or Father Smith
Prof. Howard Hughes, or Prof. Hughes
the Reverend Joseph Jones (used for formal invitations)
Father John

The first reference to a priest should give his full title: Rev. John I. Jenkins, C.S.C. Thereafter, he may be referred to as Father John or Father Jenkins. In running text, there is always a comma after the religious designation (C.S.C., S.J.) unless it falls at the end of the sentence.

acronyms

Acronyms are generally capitalized and written without periods or spaces: WSND-FM WNDU-TV ROTC UNICEF ND

Advisory Council

When referring to Notre Dame’s administrative body, capitalize Advisory Council. Subsequent use in a shortened form, however, is lowercased: the council. For departmental advisory councils, use lowercase.

African American, African-American

Hyphenation of proper nouns is hotly debated. The general rule is that this term is hyphenated only when used as a modifier, although common practice is to eliminate in proper nouns. Be sure to maintain consistency.

He is an African American.
He studies African-American literature. (or) He studies African American literature.
At Notre Dame, the program of African-American Studies is now referred to as Africana Studies.

alumna, alumnae, alumni

Alumna refers to a single female graduate

Alumnae refers to graduates of an all-women’s school (Saint Mary’s College, for instance), or in reference to female graduates only.

Alumni refers to male graduates and to mixed groups of male and female graduates.

American Indian, Indian, Native American

American Indian refers to historically indigenous people of North America, although tribal names are often used instead. Depending on the circumstances, this is probably a better choice than Native American since many natives are often of other backgrounds.

and, &

And is preferable to &, which should be used only when the name of a company, group, or composition specifically calls for it, as in AT&T. Use of & in headlines or on posters is acceptable.

Note: The Department of East Asian Languages & Cultures is written with an ampersand. See Department Names.

apostrophes

Use apostrophes when:

referring to a degrees (bachelor’s degree, master’s degree)
in making possessives of nouns already ending in s (Williams’s reputation, Burns’s poems.).

HOWEVER, for Notre Dame usage, certain exceptions exist: Jesus’ life, Coach Weis’ strategy, President Jenkins’ tenure, partly in order to conform to the Associated Press style likely to be used in the media.

Consult Chicago, section 7.17 for further discussion.

Apostrophes are not necessary between the final number and the s in making the plurals of figures (early 1970s, the late ’80s)

assure, ensure, insure

Assure means to promise something or to remove doubt.
Ensure means to make certain something will happen.
Insure means to purchase insurance.

ATM

Remember that the abbreviation ATM stands for automated teller machine. ATM machine is redundant.

baccalaureate

In running text, baccalaureate is not capitalized.

Baptism

Capitalize when referring to the sacrament.

Bible, biblical

Capitalize Bible, but not biblical.

Bible verses

Use the following form to punctuate Bible chapters and verses:

Matthew 8:22–23
2 Samuel 7:18

Board of Trustees, Trustee

Capitalize Board of Trustees when in reference to Notre Dame’s administrative body. Subsequent use in a shortened form, however, is lowercased: the board; but in reference to Notre Dame Trustees, always capitalize Trustees.

Bro., Brother

The first reference to a brother should give his full title: Bro. John Edwards, C.S.C. Thereafter, he may be referred to as Brother Edwards or Brother John. Note that there is always a comma after the order designation (unless it’s the end of a sentence) and that you abbreviate only when using the full title.

capitalization

Capitalize all educational, occupational, and business titles when used specifically in front of the name, unless a comma follows the title. Titles usually are not capitalized when they follow the name.

Thomas G. Burish was the provost of the University in 2004.
They welcomed Provost Thomas G. Burish.
They invited the University’s provost, Thomas G. Burish, to their meeting.

captions

For consistency and ease of identification in photo captions, list subjects from left to right, using each person’s full name and title, if any, and state “left to right” or “from left” in the caption.

cardinal

Write Roger Cardinal Mahony vs. Cardinal Roger Mahony.

centers and institutes

The Center for Education and, thereafter, the center (same for institution). For a listing of centers and institute, see Centers and Institutes.

chair

Chair has come to replace chairman, chairwoman, and chairperson, although all of these terms are still acceptable. Use the terminology that the chairholder’s organization, or the chairholder, prefers.

He is the chair of the Department of Engineering.
He is the John Doe Chair of Engineering.

Note that a department chair may be different from the holder of an endowed chair, such as the John Doe Chair of Philosophy.

Church

Capitalize when referring to the Catholic Church as an institution.

Class

Capitalize the word Class in reference to a graduating class. (Note the single closing quotation mark before the year.)

Reggie is a member of the Class of ’99.

Class groups such as freshman, sophomore, junior, senior, or graduate are not capitalized when in reference to the year in which a course is taken or to the student’s classification.

The senior class is organizing graduation activities.
Kelly is a graduate student.
Many of the sophomores are taking history classes.
John White ’23, ’25 M.A.

classical

Written in lowercase: classical Latin; See also Chicago 8.77–80.

college of business

Mendoza College of Business is the correct name.

college

Use the College of Engineering or Engineering. On second reference, the college may be used.

colleges, more than one

More than one college: the College of Engineering and the College of Science is written as the colleges of engineering and science.

colons

Capitalize the first word following a colon only if that is the beginning of a complete sentence.

The driver had two possibilities: to swerve or to slam on his brakes.
The driver had a revelation: He had to swerve to miss the bus.

When using a colon, be sure that the words that come before it form an independent clause.

A colon should not be used after at or such as, between the verb and the rest of the sentence, or between a preposition and its object. This includes situations in which a list follows these elements.

Items following a colon are not automatically separated by semicolons. The rules for dividing items in a series by commas should be followed.

commas

Use a comma before the words and and or that come before the final item in a series.

The music festival will include performances by the University Choir, the Glee Club, and the orchestra.

Place a comma after a digit signifying thousands, except when the reference is to a year: 1,150 students or the year 2005.

Certain words that introduce an explanation or a list of examples and don’t begin a sentence, such as to wit, namely, i.e., e.g., and viz., should be immediately preceded and followed by a comma.

They welcomed the featured guests, that is, the winners of yesterday’s election.

When writing a date consisting of month, day, and year, place a comma after the day and the year.

July 4, 1776, is the date the Declaration of Independence was signed.

Commas are not used, however, when only the month and day, or only the month and year, are written.

The Declaration of Independence was signed in July 1776.
Americans greet July 4 with spectacular fireworks.

Commas surround abbreviations in titles of people:

Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, C.S.C., was President of the University.
John Jacobs, Ph.D., is my neighbor.

However, commas are not used before Jr., Sr., II, III, and the like at the end of a person’s name.

Sammy Davis Jr.
Thurston Howell III

Commas are not needed in compound elements that are not independent clauses.

The campaign raised money for scholarships and added to the building fund.

Use commas between two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.

Cleveland amassed more total yards during the game, but Houston put more points on the scoreboard.

Place commas on both sides of nonrestrictive appositives (those that could be omitted without sacrificing the meaning of, or vital information from, the sentence).

Marcy Wade, chair, opened the meeting at 2:13 p.m.

Note: Omitting commas from before and after nonrestrictive appositives can change the meaning of a sentence:

Marcy Wade and her husband Bill went shopping suggests that Marcy has more than one husband.
Marcy Wade and her husband, Bill, went shopping properly limits the meaning to Marcy’s one and only husband.

Pay attention to the difference created in the meaning of phrases by either adding or omitting a comma. As with appositives, all nonrestrictive phrases should be set off by commas.

Students work with department faculty who are skilled artists and designers means that only certain department faculty members hold these skills.
Students work with department faculty, who are skilled artists and designers, means that all of the department’s faculty members are so skilled.

Commencement

Capitalize Commencement when in reference to a specific Notre Dame graduation ceremony.

He spoke at Notre Dame’s 100th Commencement.
Where is Notre Dame’s commencement usually held?

complement, compliment

Complement refers to making something complete.
A compliment is an admiring remark.

consistency

Shifting between first, second, and third person when addressing the same subject is a common problem. If referring to students as they, for example, do not refer to them elsewhere as you.

Within a related section of text in a document, be consistent in listing cities with the names of their states, provinces, and/or countries. If one place name needs to be accompanied by its state, province, or country, then list all places in that same section with their state, province, or country, no matter how well known. On the other hand, if all of the places are well known so as not to require such clarifiers, then do not use any.

convince, persuade

A person is convinced about something, but is persuaded to do something.

Carla is convinced that her teacher doesn’t like her.
Ray’s friends persuaded him to go dancing.

council

country names

Country names are not generally abbreviated, except for

U.S.—adjective (the U.S. Department of State)
United States—noun (living in the United States)

course, subject

Capitalize a specific course or subject name, such as ACCT 10350, Federal Taxation.

Names of college studies, fields of study, options, curricula, or subjects are not capitalized, except names of languages, unless a specific course name is noted.

Jane is studying architecture and Spanish.
Students must take courses in theology and mathematics.

Abbreviate the departmental name of a course when it is followed by the course number. For proper abbreviations, call the Office of the Registrar.

In addition, the student should take MA 30320.

dashes

Spaces are not included on either side of a dash, whether used in text or tabular matter.

Use an em-dash (—) to set off parenthetical matter that calls for emphasis; to show an interruption in speech; to occasionally set off appositives; and to prepare for restatements, lists, or a change in thought. An em-dash is the length of two hyphens.

Baseball—which traces its origin to a British sport—is today considered the American pastime.
The new band combines traditional rock instruments—guitars, bass, and drums—with a flügelhorn and bagpipes.

Use an en-dash (–), slightly longer than a hyphen, within sets of numerals (such as date ranges) or letters, and to separate multiple compound modifiers that are made up of multiple proper nouns or hyphenated words.

the NFL–AFL merger
open Monday–Friday (but not: open from Monday–Friday)
April 1–13, 2008
the former West Germany–East Germany border

dates

When writing a date consisting of month, day, and year, place a comma after the day and the year.

July 4, 1776, is the date the Declaration of Independence was signed.

Spell out the month if the year is not used, as in December 14 is today.

Commas are not used, however, when only the month and day, or only the month and year, are written.

The Declaration of Independence was signed in July 1776.
Americans greet July 4 with spectacular fireworks.

degrees

Academic degrees should be spelled out on first reference within text material, and abbreviated thereafter in all text and tabular material, except when part of a person’s name/title.

bachelor of arts degree
bachelor’s/master’s degree
Sid Johnson ’76, ’79 M.A., ’82 Ph.D.

Capitalize letter abbreviations of academic degrees.

B.A.
MSA
MBA
Ph.D.

Note that periods are omitted when there are three or more consecutive capital letters.

Degree abbreviations also should be used in construction including a graduate’s name, graduating year, and multiple degrees (B.A. usually is not noted.)

Sid Johnson ’76, ’79 M.A., ’82 Ph.D.

Generally, names of degrees are lowercased in running text:

He has a bachelor of arts in communication.

He has a bachelor’s (or bachelor’s degree) in communication.

but

John Doe, Bachelor of Arts in Communication (or John Doe, B.A. in Communication)

Degrees, Notre Dame

Dr.

Dr. is used to refer to a doctor of medicine, dentistry, or veterinary medicine. It is not used to refer to people who hold a doctor’s degree but don’t practice in one of these fields, including professors.

Prof. Jones teaches English.
Dr. Jones is a well-known obstetrician.

due to, because of

Due to is an adjective phrase that usually follows a form of the verb to be. It is often used incorrectly as a preposition in place of because of.

The chairman retired because of an ongoing, prolonged illness.
The chairman’s retirement was due to an ongoing, prolonged illness.
BUT NOT: The chairman retired due to an ongoing, prolonged illness.

Thus, common phrases such as Due to circumstances beyond our control . . . and Due to inclement weather . . . are incorrect and should be phrased in these or similar ways:

Because of circumstances beyond our control . . .
Circumstances beyond our control have caused . . .

ellipses

Ellipsis points are used to show omission within a quotation. However, it is not necessary to place the points at the beginning or end of a quotation, even if an omission is being made at one of those places.

UNNECESSARY: It was Jefferson who stated, “That government which governs least, governs best . . .”
BETTER: It was Jefferson who stated, “That government which governs least, governs best.”
UNNECESSARY: Jefferson believed that the government “. . . which governs least, governs best.”
BETTER: Jefferson believed that the government “which governs least, governs best.”

Use ellipsis points in sets of three. Leave a space between each point, as well as between the words on either side of them.

I pledge allegiance to the flag . . . with liberty and justice for all.

If the end of a sentence is retained before the ellipsis points, include the period at the end of the sentence, leave a space, and then introduce the ellipsis points. If a new sentence begins after the ellipsis points, make sure to capitalize the first letter of that sentence.

All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives. . . . When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

email

The word email is not capitalized unless it is the first word of a sentence. Although the word is evolving, it is preferable to use email only as a noun, not as a verb.

entitled, titled

Entitled can mean to give a title to, but it is better known for its meaning as to give a right to. There is no comma between titled and the title.

The article is titled “101 Ways to Study for Finals.”
His writing of the book entitled him to 101 free copies.

etc.

Etc. should be used sparingly, and not in conjunction with such as, which signals that the list of items following is only a partial list, or with and as in and etc.

Eucharist

Capitalize when referring to the sacrament.

everyday, every day

Everyday means common or ordinary. Every day means occurring daily.

Father

The first reference to a priest should give his full title: Rev. John I. Jenkins, C.S.C. Thereafter, he may be referred to as Father John or Father Jenkins. Note that in running text, there is always a comma after the religious designation (C.S.C., S.J.) unless it falls at the end of the sentence.

fax

Fax is an abbreviation of facsimile, not an acronym, and should be written in lowercase except at the beginning of a sentence.

federal government

Federal government is not capitalized except at the beginning of a sentence.

first annual

Something cannot be annual until it has been conducted for two successive years. In place of first annual, mention that the event is scheduled to become annual or write first or inaugural.

foreign words

If foreign words are necessary and not translatable, italicize only if they are not in Webster’s. Be sure to include appropriate accent marks and other language symbols.

Note that the traditional treatment of magna cum laude and summa cum laude, at Notre Dame, is to italicize and lowercase the terms.

Fort, Ft.

Spell out Fort when it is part of a name—Fort Wayne.

Game Day

For University usage, spelled with initial caps and not hyphenated when referring to the website or footgall Game Day.

fundraising, fundraiser

Acceptable with or without the hyphen; be consistent in usage.

gender, sex

Gender should be limited to discussion of the social and psychological distinctions between men and women. In all other cases, sex can be used to differentiate between men and women when there is no chance of misinterpretation.

Golden Dome

Capitalize Golden Dome, when in reference to the dome atop the Main Building.

Hispanic, Latino/Latina

Hispanic refers to those whose ethnic origin is in a Spanish-speaking country. Latino/Latina refers to people of Latin American descent living in the United States. These terms also include those of Brazilian background, where Portuguese is spoken.

hyphens

If both a hyphenated and nonhyphenated spelling of a word are acceptable, use the nonhyphenated spelling. If Chicago does not provide an answer, consult a dictionary. Guidelines for hyphenating compound words and words with prefixes and suffixes are given in Chicago, Section 7.90.

Adverbs ending in -ly don’t take a hyphen to connect them to the word they describe.

His publicly traded shares

The words vice president and vice chair are not hyphenated. Check Webster’s for hyphenation of words.

Use a hyphen between prefixes and proper nouns, such as in un-American or non-Catholic.

Compound modifiers (a string of words that works together to modify another word) should all be hyphenated.

a three-credit-hour class
the 17-year-old girl

If the modifiers come after the word they modify and/or act as nouns, however, they usually are not hyphenated.

The class counts for three credit hours.
The club is geared toward African Americans.

Dollar figures of $1 million or more are not hyphenated when used as a modifier.

the $3.7 million gift, not the $3.7-million gift

See entry for

institute

Capitalize Institute only when used in connection with another part of the name, but lowercase when used alone.

Internet

Always capitalize Internet, as it is still considered a proper noun.

is located at

Rewrite as is at, leaving out located.

italics

In reference to the University’s magazine, write Notre Dame Magazine.
Italicize graduation awards written in Latin: magna cum laude, summa cum laude. A foreign word or phrase is not italicized if it can be found in Webster’s.

its

Its means belonging to it
It’s means it is

Jr.

There is no comma between the last name and Jr., Sr., III, etc.

like, such as

Like should not be used as a synonym for such as, which directly points to examples from a topic being discussed. Like should be used instead to refer to a certain general type of person, place, thing, idea, or event. To put it another way, think of like as meaning “similar to” and such as as meaning “including these examples.”

People like Governor Raymond serve as good role models for the young.
Campaigning encompasses numerous duties, such as raising money, giving speeches, and kissing babies.

lists

In making lists of faculty, Trustees, or others, the honorifics (Mr. Ms., Miss, Dr., Prof.) are generally omitted. Dr. is not to be used in any event unless the person holds a medical degree.

If degrees are listed, generally anything lower than a doctorate is omitted, depending on the intended use of the information.

In creating numbered or bulleted lists, use one form consistently throughout a document. In other words, don’t switch from bulleted lists to numbered lists and vice versa.

Items in a list usually don’t require ending punctuation, unless each item is a complete sentence. Maintaining consistency should be your primary concern. If one item in a list contains internal commas and you choose to use ending punctuation, then place semicolons at the end of each item.

Observe parallelism throughout the items in a list:

RIGHT: The class has three objectives:
(1) to help people lose weight, (2) to encourage fitness, and (3) to promote better health.

WRONG: The class has three objectives:
(1) to help people lose weight, (2) to encourage fitness, and (3) promoting better health.

Use double parentheses, in numbering items in a list.
(a), (b), (1), (2)

logon, log on

logon, although not in Webster’s, is used as a noun.
log on is a verb.

Main Building

Capitalize Main Building when referring to the administration building.

Mass

Capitalize when referring to the sacrament.

medieval

Written in lowercase: medieval Latin; See also Chicago 8.77–80.

minority

Because of possible confusion, substitute historically underrepresented group.

months

Abbreviate the names of months in datelines and ordinary text when followed by a numerical date, except for the months of March, April, May, June, and July, which are never abbreviated.

Moreau

Blessed Basil Moreau, C.S.C. on first reference, to make the link with current Congregation members. Thereafter, Blessed Basil Moreau or Father Moreau.

nondoctoral

no hyphen

not only, but also

The terms not only and but also are almost always used in tandem with each other.

The colonies not only won the war but also gained their independence.

Make sure that these elements go in front of the words they modify. It is a common mistake to place only and not only in front of a verb even if these words do not modify that verb.

WRONG: We will not only learn about the past but also about the future.
RIGHT: We will learn not only about the past but also about the future.
WRONG: You only need to tell me once.
RIGHT: You need to tell me only once.

Notre Dame

University of Notre Dame, never Notre Dame University

Notre Dame Magazine

Italicize all three words.

numbers, numerals

Use figures for numbers 10 and larger, including ordinal numbers (22nd, 34th, and so on). Exceptions: Use numerals, even when the number is less than 10, to indicate age, quantities containing both whole numbers and decimals or fractions, statistics, voting results, sports scores, percentages, amounts of money, times of day, days of the month (when used after the name of the month, as in Feb. 5), latitude and longitude, degrees of temperature, dimensions, measurements, proportions, distances, and numbers that are part of titles.

There are 26 teams in the old league but only eight in the new one.
4:35 p.m., 5:00 a.m. (Note the periods in a.m. and p.m.)
$3.00, $5.95, 75 cents
Longitude 67° 03’ 06” W
21.5° below zero (Limit the degree sign to engineering, technical, statistical, and tabular material; otherwise spell out degrees.)
7 miles from Mishawaka
5 feet high
The proposal was defeated, 25 votes to 3.
The size of his baseball cap is 7-3/8.
Notre Dame wins the game, 9 to 7.

In month-day combinations, ordinals are not used.

Sept. 17 instead of Sept. 17th

However, in other contexts, such as in using a number to denote the repeating occurrences of a regularly occurring event, ordinals are used.

p(. 23rd anniversary

For spans of years. Note that for 1999–2000, or for any span of years in which three or more numbers will change, the entire number for both years should be written out.

1861–65 but: 1999–2000 (NOT 1999–00)

Using the figure ’99–’00 (or 99–00) in tabular matter is acceptable if the meaning is clear and consistency within the tabular matter is observed.

. . . 97–98, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 01–02 . . .

In text material, the entire year at both ends of the span can be written out completely (1994–1995, 2002–2003), but it is not necessary.

In all these date ranges, the dates are separated by an en-dash.

Spell out figures to begin a sentence or begin the sentence with another word. Numbers that are less than 100 or that, as a subunit of a number greater than 100, could stand by themselves as less than 100 should be hyphenated.

Forty-two students showed up for the new course.
One hundred sixty-seven
The year 2005 will be known as the World Year of Physics.

Don’t use figures without balancing the accompanying words from and to in denoting a time span from one year to the next, or from one time on the clock to the next. The words are not always necessary, depending on the structure of the phrase, but if one is used, both should be used. It is a common mistake to use the from and let a dash (or a hyphen) substitute for the to.

from 1935 to 1972 . . . NOT: From 1935–1972 . . .
The orientation takes place from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
NOT: The orientation takes place from 8:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m.

If two numbers less than 10 fall in proximity to each other and both work to explain a single thing or occurrence, one of the numerals can be written as a figure to avoid confusion.

Students must write five 3-page papers.

For numbers in the millions and beyond, but spell out the word million, billion, etc. unless it is necessary to give an exact figure.

The University raised $33.8 million in the 1984–85 academic year.

office of

Keep the capitals for shortened versions of the official titles:

Admissions Office or Admissions (for the Office of Admissions)
Human Resources (for the Office of Human Resources)

online

Not on-line or on line

page

In running text, spell out page and pages.
Abbreviate page to p. (for one page) or pp. (for more than one page) only in footnotes and bibliographical material.

parallelism

The terms not only and but also are almost always used in tandem with each other.

The colonies not only won the war but also gained their independence.

Make sure that these elements go in front of the words they modify. It is a common mistake to place only and not only in front of a verb even if these words do not modify that verb.

Sometimes it is not just acceptable but also necessary to use the word and more than one time in a list or other similar grouping of words.

WRONG: Students take a two-credit-hour course, two other three-credit-hour courses, and earn one credit for an internship.

The verb take is followed by two objects and then ends its function, as a new verb, earn, takes over. Thus, all that follows after earn cannot be treated as a continuation of the original series.

RIGHT: Students take a two-credit-hour course and two other three-credit-hour courses and earn one credit for an internship.

As an alternative, use a verb in all three places: Students take a two-credit-hour course, take two other three-credit-hour courses, and earn one credit for an internship.

WRONG: I ate bacon, eggs, and drank coffee for breakfast.

The verb ate is being put into service for all three items that follow it, so that the meaning of the sentence is: “I ate ham, I ate eggs, and I ate drank coffee for breakfast.” This absurdity occurs because the sentence lacks the “off switch” that and would provide following the two nouns to which ate properly refers.

RIGHT: I ate bacon and eggs and drank coffee for breakfast.

As well as is not a synonym for and. If used in a list, it must be used in conjunction with and, as an addendum to the main list.

WRONG: Molly majored in history, science, as well as English.
RIGHT: Molly majored in history and science, as well as English.

Express parallel ideas in a parallel manner.

WRONG: He was an expert in eating, drinking, sleeping, and how to win an argument.
RIGHT: He was an expert in eating, drinking, sleeping, and knowing how to win an argument.
WRONG: Students will study physics, learn certain mechanical functions, and various Internet applications.
RIGHT: Students will study physics, learn certain mechanical functions, and master various Internet applications.
WRONG: The bed is designed to support your back while improving your sleep.
RIGHT: The bed is designed to support your back and improve your sleep.
RIGHT: The bed supports your back while it improves your sleep.

If a preposition has more than one object following it, do not repeat the preposition before every object unless it is necessary for clarity. Never repeat the preposition using one before the first and last object if you do not use it before the ones in between.

WRONG: The distribution of food, water, and of economic relief . . .
RIGHT: The distribution of food, water, and economic relief . . .
OPTIONAL: The distribution of food for the hungry, of water for the thirsty, and of economic relief for all who are disadvantaged . . .

peacebuilder, peacebuilding

Although not in Webster’s as one word, in deference to current usage, we are no longer separating these words.

percent, %

Spell it out except in headlines, tabular, or other special material. Note: Web style dictates the use of the % sign for ease of reading.

periods

In reference to the time of day, use the abbreviations a.m. and p.m., with periods between the letters. In text material, they should be written in lowercase letters or small caps.

Place periods between the letters of academic degrees (M.A., Ph.D.) and abbreviations of religious orders (C.S.C., S.J.). Note that, for academic degrees, periods are omitted when there are three or more consecutive capital letters.

There are no periods when abbreviating Notre Dame to ND or when referring to an ID in reference to a piece of identification.

There are no periods in acronyms unless the entity that the acronym represents specifically uses periods. Use this same principle in making subsequent references to famous people who are popularly known by their initials.

YMCA, JFK, OPEC, FDR

persons

Substitute people.

PIN stands for personal identification number. It is redundant to write PIN Number.

plurals and possessives of last names and other proper nouns

Proper nouns, like common nouns, take an s or es to form their plural forms. To form possessives from the plural forms, add an apostrophe.

The Gish family, in the plural, would be known as the Gishes (not the Gish’s). Something belonging to the Gish family would be expressed as the Gishes’.

The Lammes family, in the plural, would be known as the Lammeses (not the Lammes or the Lammes’). Something belonging to the Lammes family would be expressed as the Lammeses’.

Note the Notre Dame exception for Jenkins and Weis. Because of print media’s widespread use of AP style, we use that style for the possessive of these two names.

Something belonging to the President Jenkins would be expressed as Jenkins’.
Something belonging to Coach Weis would be expressed as Weis’.
Something belonging to Jesus would be expressed as Jesus’.

Consult Chicago 7.17–7.23 for further discussion.

pope

Capitalize when using as a formal title before a name; lowercase in all other uses.

He was the pope in 1993. He spoke to Pope Paul II on Monday.

preprofessional

No hyphen

Department of Preprofessional Studies

president

Capitalize all references to the office of President of the University of Notre Dame, past or present. Otherwise, capitalize as a former title before one or more names: President Ford or President Emeritus Hesburgh, but president of his club.

prior to, before

Before is almost always the better alternative.

professor, endowed professorships

Capitalize names of endowed professorships.

the John A. O’Brien Professor of Theology

Abbreviate Prof. when used as part of a name: Prof. John Jones or Prof. Jones.

On second reference, the last name may be used alone. Jones was the speaker.

provost

Capitalize when used specifically in front of the name, unless the title is followed by a comma.

The committee welcomed Provost Thomas G. Burish.
The committee invited the University’s provost, Thomas G. Burish, to its meeting.
Thomas G. Burish was the provost in 2004.

quotation marks

Set quotation marks outside periods and commas and inside colons and semicolons. They also should be placed inside exclamation points and question marks that are not part of the quotation.

“Ask what you can do for your country.”
Barry exclaimed that “it was a long trip”; was it really over?
“What’s the matter?” she asked.
Do you understand the statement “I think; therefore, I am”?
Now I know the meaning of “Life is just a bowl of cherries”!

Use single quotation marks for quotations printed within other quotations.

Brett said, “I remember when my mother told me, ‘Wash behind your ears.’”

If several paragraphs are to be quoted successively, use quotation marks at the beginning of each paragraph and at the end of the last paragraph only. Intermediate paragraphs are not closed with quotation marks.
In printing interviews verbatim, with a speaker’s comments preceded by that speaker’s name, quotation marks are not necessary.

Jones: When will the committee meet?
Smith: On the second and fourth Tuesday of each month.

room numbers

Capitalize the word room in reference to a room followed by a number.

We are meeting in Room 502.

sacraments

Capitalize all the sacraments—Baptism, Eucharist—as well as the word Bible, in reference to either the Old Testament or New Testament. Church should be capitalized when in reference to any Catholic Mass or to the Catholic Church as an institution (as in "the Church has issued a decree"). The word biblical is lower-cased. Scripture is capitalized when referring to books of the Bible.

Saint, St.

Abbreviate for names of cities and in reference to saints, except when spelled out by the entity using the title: St. Louis, but Saint Mary’s College.

Scripture

Capitalize when referring to books of the Bible.

seasons

Lowercase (fall, winter, spring, summer)

semicolons

Use semicolons to separate all items in a series if there is internal punctuation within one or more of the items in the series. The length of an item alone does not warrant its use.

Board members include George Andrews, Boston, president; Jamie Hamilton, Chicago, vice president; and Carol Green, Detroit, treasurer.

Use a semicolon to take the place of a coordinating conjunction in joining two independent clauses.

The board’s first item of business was to approve its annual budget; doing so would not be a simple task.

Use a semicolon before a conjunctive adverb (such as however, furthermore, and therefore) that connects two independent clauses. The adverb is followed by a comma.

The company ran over budget last year, therefore, it would have to find ways to cut costs for the year.

Note: Conjunctive adverbs don’t always divide independent clauses. In these alternative cases, they typically are set off by commas.

It seemed, however, that the sides could reach an agreement.

Sister, Sr.

The first reference to a nun should give her full title: Sr. Mary Thomas, O.P. Thereafter, she may be referred to as Sister Mary or Sister Thomas. Note that in running text, there is always a comma after the religious designation (C.S.C., S.J.) unless it falls at the end of the sentence.

spacing

Type only one space between sentences, after a colon, or between a state name and zip code. Use only a single space, always and everywhere, in text material.

The professor gave a quiz today. Next week, a paper is due on the same subject. After that, he will give a final exam.

The course covers three areas of study: philosophy, politics, and economics.

Notre Dame, IN 46556

There are no spaces between multiple initials in a person’s name.

W.E.B. DuBois, G.K. Chesterton, B.J. Hunnicutt

There are no spaces around either side of a dash or a slash in text material.

Republican/Democrat dialogue
The debate—contentious from the beginning—turned into a riot.

states

Abbreviate the names of states following the names of cities and towns in text and tabular matter. Use two-letter post office abbreviations when states are included in a mailing address.

Notre Dame, Ind. (for tables and text)
Notre Dame, IN (for addresses)

State Abbreviations List

telephone numbers

Pay attention to consistency when writing telephone numbers in text material. Area codes in parentheses should not be mixed with area codes surrounded by hyphens, a "1," and a local exchange. It is best to consistently use parentheses around area codes and toll-free codes.

Call (800) 204-0443 or call 800-204-0443

Which can be used to introduce a clause containing nonessential or essential information, but that can be used only for essential information. Some writers use which to cover the functions of both relative pronouns, but this sometimes creates difficulty in understanding whether the information being given is essential to the meaning of the sentence.

A good set of rules to follow: If that can be substituted for which without changing the meaning of the sentence, use that. If the information following which is necessary in understanding the sentence, use that. If the information can be omitted from the sentence without affecting its meaning and in most cases can be set off by commas, use which.

The retreat, which is located on 20 acres, was surrounded by towering trees and bordered by a shimmering lake.
The retreat that I attended took place last July.

Exception: To avoid immediately repeating that in certain constructions, it is acceptable to use which in place of one occurrence of that.

That which does not kill me makes me stronger.

they, he, she, he/she

Although the generic he is perfectly grammatical, many today view it as being sexist. Be aware of the sensitivities of your audience in choosing generic third-person pronouns. For example:

The customer might not be aware that he can request this service.

If you believe this sentence could cause offense, you first should consider recasting the sentence in the plural:

Customers might not be aware that they can request this service.

Avoid using clumsy he or she and his or her constructions. When they must be used, use them sparingly. Never use expressions such as he/she, his/her, s/he, he (she), or his (her). Don’t alternate between generic he sentences and generic she sentences as a way of achieving balance.

Another alternative to the generic he and the cumbersome he or she is to switch to the second-person pronoun:

You might not be aware that you can request this service.

time

Times of the day should be expressed in numerical terms of hours and minutes, with a colon separating the hours from the minutes and a designation of whether the time is in the morning or the evening, using a.m. and p.m., in lowercased letters or small caps. Leave a space between the time and the a.m. or p.m., and make sure to use periods in the a.m. and p.m.

8:00 a.m., not 8 a.m. or 8 am or 8am
3:52 p.m., not 3:52 pm or 3:52pm

Exception: *_Neither of the 12 o’clock times during the day can accurately be expressed as being “a.m.” or “p.m.”_ The terms refer to either before midday (ante meridiem) or after midday (post meridiem) At midday, 12 o’clock should be written as noon, not 12:00 p.m. At night, it should be written as midnight, not 12:00 a.m.

When referring to a time span between two points on the clock, it is not necessary to repeat a.m. or p.m. for both times, if they both occur together in the a.m. or p.m. hours. If the time span crosses from a.m. into p.m. or vice versa, however, designate each time with the appropriate mark.

9:30–11:00 a.m., not 9:30 a.m.–11:00 a.m.
10:30 a.m.–3:00 p.m., not 10:30–3:00 p.m.

References to historical eras should not be mixed. C.E. ("common era") and B.C.E. ("before the common era") should be used in tandem, as should the more traditional B.C. ("before Christ") and A.D. (anno domini or "the year of our Lord"). If using the B.C./A.D. designations, remember that B.C. comes after the year it designates and A.D. comes before it.

565 B.C.
A.D. 565
but: the fifth century A.D.

Titles (publications/compositions/events)

Enclose titles of short songs, short poems, articles, chapters, single-occurrence radio and television programs, and divisions of a publication, as well as names of websites (the information found on the page or in the title bar, not the Web address itself), in quotation marks.

"Talk of the Town," in last week’s National Review
Miles Davis’s "So What," from Kind of Blue
Chapter 7, "How to Campaign for Office"
"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"
The WLS-AM special "Chicago on a Budget"
Jack’s website, "My Thoughts on Presidential Elections"

Titles of books, pamphlets, collections, periodicals, newspapers, long poems that have been published separately, plays, works of art, ongoing radio and television series, and long musical compositions, including operas, oratorios, and motets, should be italicized.

Animal Farm
The Thinker
Carmina Burana
M*A*S*H
The New York Times
Leaves of Grass

Capitalize all words except for articles (a, an, the), and except for conjunctions and prepositions of fewer than five letters, in the titles of books, plays, lectures, musical compositions, and the like. Exception: Capitalize any article, conjunction, or preposition that appears at the beginning of a title or sentence or as the final word of that title or sentence.

Colleges and Universities as Citizens is now on sale in the bookstore.
"What I Live For" was the speaker’s best-known lecture.

In hyphenated elements within titles, the subsequent elements are capitalized as well, following the exceptions listed above.

He advertised in the Guide to Foreign-Language Translators.
I have published a book titled Follow-Ups and Foul-Ups.

For a more detailed discussion on this topic, refer to sections 8.172–8.173 of Chicago.

titles (rank)

Assistant and associate are not abbreviated or capitalized when used as a generic title not immediately preceding the name of the person holding the title.

Mary Mullen, assistant director of Campus Ministry
Tony Edison, associate professor of mathematics

Thomas G. Burish was the provost of the University in 2004.
They welcomed Provost Thomas G. Burish.
They invited the University’s provost, Thomas G. Burish, to their meeting.

Second references to professors, deans, and administrators may be by last name only. When using a shortened form for religious or judicial leader, the title should be included:

John Doe, dean of the College of Engineering—secondary reference can be Doe
Dave Brown, professor of English—secondary reference can be Brown
Blessed Basil Moreau—secondary reference can be Father Moreau
Rev. John I. Jenkins, C.S.C.—secondary reference can be Father Jenkins
Rev. Hugh R. Page—secondary reference can be Rev. Page
Hon. Doug Davis—secondary reference can be Judge Davis
John Cardinal Smith—secondary reference is Cardinal Smith

titles (religious)

Abbreviate Rev., Hon., and Prof. when used before a first and last name or last name alone. However, note that when the appears before the title, the title is spelled out. Spell out Father when used before a first name alone.

Rev. John Smith, or Rev. Smith
Father John Smith, or Father Smith
Prof. Howard Hughes, or Prof. Hughes
the Reverend Joseph Jones (used for formal invitations)
Father John

The first reference to a priest should give his full title: Rev. John I. Jenkins, C.S.C. Thereafter, he may be referred to as Father John or Father Jenkins. Note that in running text, there is always a comma after the religious designation (C.S.C., S.J.) unless it falls at the end of the sentence.

toward

In British English, towards is acceptable. American English leaves off the s.

Trustee

Capitalize Trustee in reference to any member of the Notre Dame Board of Trustees, past or present.

U.S., United States

U.S.—adjective (the U.S. Department of State)
United States—noun (living in the United States)

under way

It is spelled as two words: under way.

University

Capitalize the word University, when in direct reference to the University of Notre Dame, even when the words of Notre Dame are not included in the text.

Web

Web or World Wide Web, Web page, but website

Web and email addresses

In most instances, it is no longer necessary to include http:// or www. in Web addresses. However, to be sure, check that the address works without the prefix. Some http addresses are secure, and thus require https://.

Use periods at the end of sentences that end with a Web address or an email address, just as you would with any other sentence. Concluding slashes on Web addresses should be omitted as well. Addresses are not underlined, italicized, or boldfaced.

You can view the author’s works at monsternovella.com/~magnumopus. His email address is greatwriter@monsternovella.com.

If you are concerned that the ending period will cause confusion among readers, simply recast the sentence so that the address does not fall at the end. Long Web and email addresses can be broken over successive lines, but not at random. Never introduce hyphens (to break up a word across two lines, for example) where there are none in the address; rather, make breaks at punctuation marks in the address. Slashes can stay at the end of the line; others, such as tildes, "at" signs, and especially periods, should begin the next line of text.

presidentsoftheunitedstatesofamerica
.com

nd.edu/
~design

Web page

Capitalize Web but not page.

website

One word; not capitalized

Whose is possessive. Whose keys are these?
Who’s is a contraction of who is, who was, or who has: Who’s been sleeping in my bed?

World Wide Web

Web or World Wide Web, Web page, but website

worldview, World View

The view of the world is worldview. The Notre Dame President’s film series is World View.